Privacy-Enhanced Mail (.PEM)

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wikipedia:Privacy-Enhanced Mail extension for X.509 certificates. .pem defined in RFCs 1421 through 1424, this is a container format that may include just the public certificate (such as with Apache installs, and CA certificate files /etc/ssl/certs/), or may include an entire certificate chain including public key, private key and root certificates. Confusingly, it may also encode a CSR (e.g. as used here) as the PKCS10 format can be translated into PEM. The name is from Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM), a failed method for secure email but the container format it used lives on, and is a base64 translation of the x509 ASN.1 keys.[1]

PEM or DER or PFX



Read certificate:

Generate certificate:


PKCS7 chain in DER format. These files also may be named with a .p7b extension


file your_pem_file.pem
your_pem_file.pem PEM RSA private key
file example.org.csr
example.org.csr: PEM certificate request
file your_cert_for_development.cer
your_cert_for_development.cer: Certificate, Version=3


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